Pre History World War I & II

Background for "Tripple alliance"

British Role

British Empire, which by 1900, fearing the rising power of the rising German Reich, contrived in secrecy a plan for a giant encirclement of the Eurasian landmass. The main objective of this titanic siege was the prevention of an alliance between Germany and Russia: if these two powers could have fused into an ‘embrace’, so reasoned the British stewards, they would have come to surround themselves with a fortress of resources, men knowledge and military might such as to endanger the survival of the British Empire in the new century.
From this early realisation, Britain embarked upon an extraordinary campaign to tear Eurasia asunder by hiring France and Russia, and subsequently America, to fight the Germans. The vicissitudes of the first half of the twentieth century made up the epic of the great siege of Europe.

World War I completed the first act of the attack, which was crowned by the imperial ingress of the United States on the grand chessboard. Germany had lost the war, but she had not been defeated on her own territory; Germany’s elites, her political and economic structure had remained intact. Thus after 1918 began the second act of the siege: that is, an astounding political Manoeuvre willingly performed by the allies to resurrect in Germany a reactionary regime from the ranks of her vanquished militarists. Britain orchestrated this incubation with a view to conjuring a belligerent political entity which she encouraged to go to war against Russia: the premeditated purpose was to ensure the new, reactionary German regime in a two-front war (World War II), and profit from the occasion to annihilate Germany once and for all. To carry out these deep and painstaking directives for world control, two conditions were necessary:

(1) an imposing and anti-German regime secretly aligned with Britain hat to be set up in Russia, and

(2) the seeds of chaos hat to be planted in Germany to pre-dispose the institutional terrain for the growth of this reactionary movement of ‘national liberation’.

The first objective was realised by backstabbing the Czar in Russia in 1917 and installing the Bolsheviks into power; the second by drafting the clauses of the ‘Peace treaty’ so as to leave the dynasty clans of Germany unscathed: indeed it was from their fold that Britain expected the Advent of this revanchist movement.

What unravelled in Germany after the Great War was the life of the Weimer Republic, the puppet regime of the West, which incubated Nazism in three stages: a period of chaos ending with the hyperinflation and the appearance of Hitler (1918-23); a period of artificial prosperity during which the Nazis were quiet and the future war machine of Germany was in process of being assembled with American loans (1924-29); and a period of disintegration (1930-32) paced by the financial mastermind of the twentieth century: Montagu Norman, the Governor of the Bank of England.

 After the incubation was completed and the Hitlerites obtained with the aid of Anglo- American financial capital the chancellorship of the Reich (January 1933), the formidable recovery of Germany began under the Nazi wing, British loans, and the financial artistry of Germany’s central banker: Hjalmar Schacht, Montagu Norman’s   Prote´g e´.     

There followed the unbelievable ‘dance’ of Britain and Germany (1933-43), led by the former to push the latter to go to war against Russia. And Russia, too, acting in sync with London, appeased the Nazis in order to lure them into the trap of the Eastern Front.

England put out a mesmerizing show by feigning before the world that her ruling class was divided between pro-nazis and anti-nazis, and that such a scission accounted for the apparent lack of commitment to fight Hitler on the Western Front after the invasion of Poland had triggered World War II. The truth was quite different: a bargain was being transacted behind the scenes; Britain calculatingly prevented the Americans from opening a western front for three years so as to allow the Nazis to penetrate and devastate Russia undisturbed in exchange for the prompt evacuation of German forces from the Mediterranean basin, which was one of Britain’s zones of vital interest.

In the end, after this spectacular feat of dissimulation, Britain dropped the mask and closed in on the duped Nazis, who would be crushed on two fronts by the colluded Soviet and Anglo- American forces.

Britain proceeded to deter the union by signing a triple alliance with France and Russia designed to encircle the German Reich (1907). After the outbreak of war, the operation was deepened by enlisting the aid of the United States in a phase during which the Russian link of the alliance seemed to be giving (1917). As a perilous gap opened in the East, Britain hastened to fix it by encouraging a Liberal experiment under a straw man, a barrister by the name of Kerensky, which dissolved in a few months. Meantime, as a possible alternative, revolutionary nihilists - the so called Bolshevik commanded by the intellectual radical Lenin – were transferred to Russia through a labyrinthine network of organised subversion by obscure ‘agents’ such as the Russian Parvus Help hand, with the expectation that out of such inflow would emerge a despotic regime, whose polarity (materialist, anti-clerical, and anti-feudal) was the inverse of that of the German Reich. The involvement of the United States became part of a broader deployment ranging from a military reinforcement on the Western Front to Zionist propaganda for the joint (with Britain) occupation of Palestine, which loomed as a vital geopolitical zone on the East- West divide.

To annihilate the German threat, the British ruling elites had gambled for high stakes; for over 30 years (1914-45) they had woven a web of financial machinations, international complicities, intelligence conspiracies, diplomatic devilry, military savvy and inhuman mendacity, and they finally succeeded.

 

French-German disputes towards "Tripple alliance"

The tensions between Germans and French, shaped the relationship of both peoples since 1914, have far deeper roots, than between the English and Germans. As early as 1552 the kings of France started to expand its territory to the east to the Rhine.

They use German domestic disputes and the pressure of the Turks in the kingdom to annex firstly, German fortress towns Metz, Toul and Verdun, then ten Alsatian Cities and later, parts of Lorraine and finally included the entire Alsace. The German Mother tongue of the native Alsatian population is no impediment to the French Authority. The French attempt, then to annex even the then German Luxembourg, but fails. In 30 years and Palatine war of succession France uses the given opportunities to burn areas in kilometres in length and about the same in width to ashes. Villages, fields, vineyards and cities are burned, including Worms, Bingen, Mannheim, Heidelberg and Speyer in order to create an odd Landscape to prevent any possible future attempt of annexation of Alsace ever again by the Germans. The vandalism of the French in the Palatinate hills leaves a French image to the local population which remains with the evil word of successive enmity until the Second World War.The years from 1806 to 1813 is the French occupation period in the northern Germany which leaves an unpleasant French image because of the high contributions, seizure of possessions, tax burdens, admittance and the pressure to participate as helpers in Napoleon's wars.

1870 France tried for a second time to occupy the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (under Dutch Crown), the Palatinate (now largely Rheinland-Pfalz) and Saarland and extend its border east to it. It causes, starts and lost the war with Germany and pay with handing over Alsace-Lorraine.
Germany pays its part with the hatred of the French and that France remains fundamental to have a new war against Germany.

France looks for “allies for the right time” to get back Alsace and Lorraine in a favourable opportunity. In 1892 she binds a so-called association with Russia. In 1912, the President of the Third Republic Poincare assured Russian government that France would support Russia militarily under all circumstances, whether Russia attacks to begin a war or in case of been attacked.

In addition, France includes in 1904 the "entente cordiale" with Britain and brings the promise of England in 1911 to support army in the event of war with the German Reich. This gives France two powerful allies to the side, Britain and Russia.

Russia- German Relationship

The relationship among the three empires Russia - Habsburg - Germany also plays a role for the disastrous Treaties of Versailles and Saint-Germain. Although Russia and Germany basically neighbours without mutual territorial claims and although they are nowhere competitors on the colonies, move apart since 1890. It has four main reasons. The first concerns the German-Russian relationship in a direct way. Berlin failed to provide an expiring 1890 reinsurance contract with St. Petersburg to renew it.

In 1890, the German-Russian agreement from 1873, 1884 and 1887 expired. The German government refrained reach it with regard to the Allies Austria, the reinsurance contracts with Russia to renew it. In July 1905 include Kaiser Wilhelm II and his Russian "cousin" Czar Nikolai II at a meeting on the coast of Finland is once again a Russian-German assistance pact, but the government leaders in Berlin and Petersburg refuse to sign the pact. They fear that their countries assisted by the new obligations in the wars of the other State stumbled into them. This is Germany 1905 without a backup to the great neighbour Russia there.

The other three reasons are of indirect art. Germany's opponents seek support of Russia or Germany supports the enemies of Russia.

The second reason - French success to turn Russia against Germany already in 1892 through a military agreement with the Russian government which includes a "thorough and immediate" interaction between the armies of France and Russia in case of war against Germany. The third holds Germany to Austria-Hungary, Russia's rivals in the Balkans. And fourthly, Russia's alliance strategy to safeguard its own interests in the Far East, in Persia, Afghanistan, the Balkans and around this great country until the First World War towards a series of contracts in favour of the opponents of the German and Habsburg Empire.

The British government uses this opportunity instead of the Germans themselves get close to Russia. From 1906 to negotiate Petersburg on the colonial ambitions of both sides. In August 1907 both countries close the Russian-British Treaty, which mark her "influence zone" in Afghanistan and Persia. But England are not satisfied with the political relaxation in colonial questions. Already in November 1907 General French, the commander-in-chief of the British army, travels to Saint Petersburg in order to speak of Afghanistan and Persia more than just to exercise with Russian generals and ministers. It defines the Russians to maintain troops on the western border with Germany. Indeed, Britain also here the threads against Germany, except the economic expansion at the time no other, especially no territorial objectives.

Web of alliances

A very tight web of alliances bound the European nations:

• Treaty of London, 1839, about the neutrality of Belgium,
• German-Austrian treaty (1879) or Dual Alliance,
• Italy joining Germany and Austria in 1882,
• Franco-Russian Alliance (1894),
• "Entente" (less formal) between Britain and France (1904) and Britain and Russia (1907) forming the Triple Entente,

Basic representation of the alliances centred on the Balkans.

• Russia proclaiming herself the "protector of the Southern Slavs" in the Balkans through several treaties.

This complex set of treaties binding various players in Europe together prior to the war is sometimes thought to have been misunderstood by contemporary political leaders. Mobilization by a relatively minor player would have a cascading effect that could rapidly run out of control, involving every country. Yet leaders discussed the crisis between Austria-Hungary and Serbia as if it were a localised issue. This is how Austria-Hungary's declaration of war against Serbia resulted in Britain declaring war on Germany:

• July 28: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia.
• July 29: Russia's treaties with Serbia commit it to mobilize against Austria-Hungary in Serbia's defense.
• August 1; Germany declares war against Russia under the terms of the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary.
• August 1: Germany, expecting that France will come in on the side of Russia, mobilizes against France.
• August 1: France mobilizes against Germany under the terms of the Franco-Russian Alliance.
• August 3: Germany declares war on France.
• August 4: Germany invades Belgium. (The Schlieffen Plan for a war with Russia and France commits Germany to attacking France first, then turning against Russia when France is defeated. The roads of Belgium are needed for the German army to outflank the French.)
• August 4: Britain declares war on Germany under the terms of the Treaty of London, 1839 which guarantees the neutrality of Belgium, and to support the Triple Entente.
• With Britain's entry, the remainder of the British Imperial colonies and dominions are drawn in offering financial and military assistance. These were Australia, Canada, India, Newfoundland, New Zealand and the Union of South Africa.
• August 23: Japan, honouring the Anglo-Japanese Alliance, declares war on Germany.